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A roundup (Polish: ''łapanka'', ; French: ''rafle'' or ''attrapage'') was a widespread Nazi German World War II military tactic used in occupied countries, especially in German-occupied Poland, whereby the SS, Wehrmacht and RSHA ambushed at random thousands of civilians on the streets of subjugated cities for enforced deportation. The civilians were captured in groups of unsuspecting passers-by, or kidnapped from selected city quarters that had been surrounded by German forces ahead of time.〔Ron Jeffery (1989), ''( Red Runs the Vistula. )'' Nevron Associates Publ., Manurewa, Auckland, New Zealand. ISBN 090873400X via Google Books, snippet.〕 People caught in roundups were most often sent to slave labor camps in Germany, but also taken as hostages in reprisal actions, imprisoned and sent to concentration camps, or summarily executed in numerous ethnic cleansing operations.〔 ==History== The term ''łapanka'' comes from the Polish verb ''łapać'' ("to catch") and, used in this context, carried a sardonic connotation from its prior use as the name for the children's game that is known in English as "tag". Most people who were rounded up were transported to labor camps (''Arbeitslager''), including Auschwitz. Many Polish women were selected for sexual slavery. Many Polish children were kidnapped for adoption by German families. Some − those without proper documents or carrying contraband − were transported to concentration and death camps. Others, particularly Jews in hiding and the Poles wanted for harbouring them, were shot dead on the spot. The term was also used for describing the tactic of cordoning-off of streets, and the systematic searching of buildings. For young men in their 20s and 30s, the only reliable defense against being taken away by the Nazis, was the possession of an identity card (called ''Ausweis'') certifying that the holder was employed by a German company or a government agency locally (for example, by the city utilities or the railways). Thus, many of those who were taken from cafes and restaurants in Warsaw on the night of December 5, 1940 were subsequently released after their documents had been checked.〔Władysław Bartoszewski, ''1859 dni Warszawy'' (1859 Days of Warsaw), p. 167.〕 According to estimates, in Warsaw alone between 1942 and 1944 the Nazi ''łapankas'' claimed at least 400 victims every day, with numbers reaching several thousand on some days. On 19 September 1942, nearly 3,000 men and women, who had been caught in massive round-ups all over Warsaw during the previous two days, were transported by train-loads to slave labor in Germany.〔Władysław Bartoszewski, ''1859 dni Warszawy'' (1859 Days of Warsaw), pp. 303-4.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Roundup (history)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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